Strategic Plan, Part III: Balanced Scorecard

The objectives for are derived from the mission statement together with our company aim to provide our clients and their customers with the most flexible and effective customer relations services and protecting the relationship between a recognizable brand name and the customers that are served. The mission statement clearly outlines what is important to our clients, their customers and lastly what is most important to LLC. A satisfied customer is paramount to the success of our clients. This objective is only achieved by the professionalism, caring and the understanding by the call center agents that we are the first line of customer interaction that represents the client company. Our position in the process must leave a desirable first impression upon the client customers. Our management team grasp of a body of knowledge pertaining to the call center industry will continue to nurture a work-force that is being primed to provide impeccable customer relations services to an expanded field consisting of retailers in every industry of service. The role of the call center is growing in the service industry. Our vision statement recognizes the position of call centers as technological advances are made to deliver superb customer service relations. Technology will be the deciding factor in achieving objectives. The larger customer relations firms are poised to continue out-sourcing their services which leaves a void for customer service relations opportunities in the United States. Our vision to continue to grow our work-at-home program is a strategic measure and a competitive advantage that we feel will continue to set us apart from the competition. The overall logistics of the work-at-home program must be modified to ensure the success of the candidates that desire to service client customers from home. This program is a key objective to future growth for our organization. The vision demands continual training and innovation that will formulate an already client and customer friendly service to a business model that will expand to other areas of retail industries. The SWOTT analysis showed strength in the areas of intellectual property and a business model that has a focus on work-at-home moms. These two objectives will be the driving force that will allow LLC to strengthen the profitability, efficiency and productivity of our clients. There is also an expectation for an increase in market share which will provide added incentives to our employees and management team. A key component of the SWOTT analysis is in the technological design of the latest equipment that will set the precedent moving forward for the industry. The knowledge that is required to implement the newer systems has always been an advantage for our management team. Any threats from competitors will be thwarted by the increase in market share and the ability to implement and provide training for the newer systems which will be done in-house. Any strategic advantage that can be attained must be sustained. The SWOTT analysis can not be over emphasized nor should it be downplay the threats to an organization. It has been utilized as a tool that will give our organization the best internal analysis that shows what is possible internally in light of the external factors.

Simplification of Switching Function

EEN1036 Digital Logic Design Chapter 4 part I Simplification of Switching Function 1 Objective s s s s Simplifying logic circuit Minimization using Karnaugh map Using Karnaugh map to obtain simplified SOP and POS expression Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying Logic Circuits †¢ †¢ †¢ A A Boolean expression for a logic circuit may be reduced to a simpler form The simplified expression can then be used to implement a circuit equivalent to the original circuit Consider the following example: B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 Continue †¦Checking for common factor: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) Reduce the complement pairs to ‘1’ Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified expression A B C Y 4 Continue †¦ †¢ A Consider another logic circuit: B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C Convert to SOP expression: Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC C hecking for common factor: Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ Simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not always an easy task The following two steps might be useful: i.The original expression is convert into the SOP form by repeated application of DeMorgan’s theorems and multiplication of terms ii. The product terms are then checked for common factors, and factoring is performed wherever possible 6 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the truth table below: A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Simplify to yield: Y = A BC + ABC + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 †¢ If minterms are only differed by one bit, they can be simplified, e. g.A BC & ABC 7 Continue †¦ †¢ More example: A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 are only differ by one bit: Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Checking and factoring minterms differed by only by one bit: Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ Though truth table can help us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool, which help us to detect and simplify minterms graphically It is a rearrangement of the truth table where each adjacent cell is only differed by one bit By looping adjacent minterms, it is similar to grouping the minterms with a single bit difference on the truth table 9 Karnaugh Map †¢ †¢ A K-map is just a rearrangement of truth table, so that minterms with a single-bit difference can be detected easily Figure below shows 4 possible arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 Continue †¦ †¢ Figure below show two possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 †¢ Notice that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue †¦ †¢ The K-map for both SOP and POS form are shown below: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 SOP form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) †¢ †¢ The simplified SOP expression can be obtained by properly combining those adjacent cells which contains ‘1’ This process of combining adjacent minterms is known as 12 looping Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ Each loop of minterms will form a group which can be represented by a product term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a group, that variable is eliminated from the product term C D C D CD C DAB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 2 group 1: C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2: AB(C D + CD ) = ABD Simplified SOP expression: Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider another K-map: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1: ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD Simplified SOP expression: Y = BD group 1: C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D Simplified SOP expression: Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map †¢ The content of each cell can be directly plot on the Kmap according to the truth table Consider the following example: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplif ied SOP expression: Y = A B + BC 15 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the following 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified SOP expression: Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue †¦ †¢ Some guidelines: i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. Look for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from eight minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi.Obtain the product term for each group vii. The sum of these product terms will be the simplified SOP expression 17 Continue †¦ Exam ple: a. Obtain the simplify SOP expression for the truth table: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expression:Y = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 Continue †¦ b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map: ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB ABC 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression: Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue †¦ c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map: alternative solution: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 General Terminology for Logic Minimization †¢ †¢ Here, we define four terms to provide the basis for general function minimization techniques These terms are implicant, prime implicant, essential prime implicant and cover We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 †¢ †¢ An implicant is a product term that could be used to cover minterms of the function In the K-map above, there are 11 implicants: 5 minterms: {A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC} 5 group of two adjacent minterms: {AB , AC , A C , B C , BC} 1 group of four adjacent minterms:{C} 21 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ A prime implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, there are two prime implicant: C and AB An essential prime implicant is a prime implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicants Prime implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is also essential as it is the onl y prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a function is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 †¢ †¢ †¢ Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ For the K-map above, the set of implicants { AB , C} represents a cover of the function A minimum cover contains the minimum number of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants †¢ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 Minimum cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential prime implicants 23 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 Don’t Care Conditions â₠¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Some logic circuit will have certain input conditions whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would never occur In other words, we â€Å"don’t care† whether the output is HIGH or LOW Consider the following example: An air conditioning system has two inputs, C and H: – C will be ‘1’ if temperature is too cold (below 15 °C) Otherwise, it will be ‘0’ – H will be ‘1’ if temperature is too hot (above 25 °C) Otherwise, it will be ‘0’ – Output Y will be ‘1’ if temperature is too cold or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be ‘0’ 25 Continue †¦ As there are two inputs, there are 4 possible logical conditions: C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is impossible to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a ‘X’ at the output corresponds to this input condition as this input condition cannot occur 26 K-map and Don’t Care Term †¢ Don’t care term, ‘X’ can be treated as ‘0’ or ‘1’ since they cannot occur In K-map, we can choose the don’t care term as ‘0’ or ‘1’ to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression: Y = AB + BC + A D 27 More examples †¦ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plo tting function in Canonical Form †¢ Logic function may be expressed in many forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique canonical SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in canonical form, it can be readily plotted on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression: †¢ †¢ †¢ Y = ABC + B CConvert to canonical SOP expression: Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue †¦ Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression: Y = B C + AC †¢ Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map: Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue †¦ First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression â₠¬ ¢ †¢ It is sometime too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression: Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form: Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form: Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue †¦ Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map: C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression: Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Boolean expression can be plotted on to the K-map from its SOP form Product terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with three variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad ( a loop of four adjacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the previous example: Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells †¢ †¢ †¢ Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The cells inside the loops are filled with ‘1’ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the following Boolean expression: Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form: Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with ‘1' 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue †¦ Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression: Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue †¦ Example: Redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression: A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue †¦ Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39 Simplification of Switching Function EEN1036 Digital Logic Design Chapter 4 part I Simplification of Switching Function 1 Objective s s s s Simplifying logic circuit Minimization using Karnaugh map Using Karnaugh map to obtain simplified SOP and POS expression Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying Logic Circuits †¢ †¢ †¢ A A Boolean expression for a logic circuit may be reduced to a simpler form The simplified expression can then be used to implement a circuit equivalent to the original circuit Consider the following example: B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 Continue †¦Checking for common factor: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) Reduce the complement pairs to ‘1’ Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified expression A B C Y 4 Continue †¦ †¢ A Consider another logic circuit: B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C Convert to SOP expression: Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC C hecking for common factor: Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ Simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not always an easy task The following two steps might be useful: i.The original expression is convert into the SOP form by repeated application of DeMorgan’s theorems and multiplication of terms ii. The product terms are then checked for common factors, and factoring is performed wherever possible 6 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the truth table below: A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Simplify to yield: Y = A BC + ABC + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 †¢ If minterms are only differed by one bit, they can be simplified, e. g.A BC & ABC 7 Continue †¦ †¢ More example: A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 are only differ by one bit: Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression: Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Checking and factoring minterms differed by only by one bit: Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ Though truth table can help us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool, which help us to detect and simplify minterms graphically It is a rearrangement of the truth table where each adjacent cell is only differed by one bit By looping adjacent minterms, it is similar to grouping the minterms with a single bit difference on the truth table 9 Karnaugh Map †¢ †¢ A K-map is just a rearrangement of truth table, so that minterms with a single-bit difference can be detected easily Figure below shows 4 possible arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 Continue †¦ †¢ Figure below show two possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 †¢ Notice that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue †¦ †¢ The K-map for both SOP and POS form are shown below: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 SOP form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) †¢ †¢ The simplified SOP expression can be obtained by properly combining those adjacent cells which contains ‘1’ This process of combining adjacent minterms is known as 12 looping Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ Each loop of minterms will form a group which can be represented by a product term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a group, that variable is eliminated from the product term C D C D CD C DAB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 2 group 1: C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2: AB(C D + CD ) = ABD Simplified SOP expression: Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider another K-map: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1: ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD Simplified SOP expression: Y = BD group 1: C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D Simplified SOP expression: Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map †¢ The content of each cell can be directly plot on the Kmap according to the truth table Consider the following example: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplif ied SOP expression: Y = A B + BC 15 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the following 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified SOP expression: Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue †¦ †¢ Some guidelines: i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. Look for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from eight minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi.Obtain the product term for each group vii. The sum of these product terms will be the simplified SOP expression 17 Continue †¦ Exam ple: a. Obtain the simplify SOP expression for the truth table: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expression:Y = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 Continue †¦ b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map: ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB ABC 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression: Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue †¦ c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map: alternative solution: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 General Terminology for Logic Minimization †¢ †¢ Here, we define four terms to provide the basis for general function minimization techniques These terms are implicant, prime implicant, essential prime implicant and cover We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 †¢ †¢ An implicant is a product term that could be used to cover minterms of the function In the K-map above, there are 11 implicants: 5 minterms: {A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC} 5 group of two adjacent minterms: {AB , AC , A C , B C , BC} 1 group of four adjacent minterms:{C} 21 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ A prime implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, there are two prime implicant: C and AB An essential prime implicant is a prime implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicants Prime implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is also essential as it is the onl y prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a function is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 †¢ †¢ †¢ Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ For the K-map above, the set of implicants { AB , C} represents a cover of the function A minimum cover contains the minimum number of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants †¢ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 Minimum cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential prime implicants 23 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 Don’t Care Conditions â₠¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Some logic circuit will have certain input conditions whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would never occur In other words, we â€Å"don’t care† whether the output is HIGH or LOW Consider the following example: An air conditioning system has two inputs, C and H: – C will be ‘1’ if temperature is too cold (below 15 °C) Otherwise, it will be ‘0’ – H will be ‘1’ if temperature is too hot (above 25 °C) Otherwise, it will be ‘0’ – Output Y will be ‘1’ if temperature is too cold or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be ‘0’ 25 Continue †¦ As there are two inputs, there are 4 possible logical conditions: C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is impossible to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a ‘X’ at the output corresponds to this input condition as this input condition cannot occur 26 K-map and Don’t Care Term †¢ Don’t care term, ‘X’ can be treated as ‘0’ or ‘1’ since they cannot occur In K-map, we can choose the don’t care term as ‘0’ or ‘1’ to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression: Y = AB + BC + A D 27 More examples †¦ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plo tting function in Canonical Form †¢ Logic function may be expressed in many forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique canonical SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in canonical form, it can be readily plotted on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression: †¢ †¢ †¢ Y = ABC + B CConvert to canonical SOP expression: Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue †¦ Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression: Y = B C + AC †¢ Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map: Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue †¦ First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression â₠¬ ¢ †¢ It is sometime too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression: Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form: Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form: Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue †¦ Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map: C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression: Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue †¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Boolean expression can be plotted on to the K-map from its SOP form Product terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with three variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad ( a loop of four adjacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the previous example: Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells †¢ †¢ †¢ Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The cells inside the loops are filled with ‘1’ C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue †¦ †¢ Consider the following Boolean expression: Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form: Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with ‘1' 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue †¦ Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map: C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression: Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue †¦ Example: Redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression: A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue †¦ Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39

Motivation and Prentice Hall

Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10/e Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge Chapter 5 Motivation Concepts Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-1 After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the three key elements of motivation. 2. Identify four early theories of motivation and evaluate their applicability today. 3. Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and selfefficacy theory. 4. Demonstrate how organizational justice is a refinement of equity theory. 5. Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees. . Explain to what degree motivation theories are culture bound. Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-2 What Is Motivation? The processes that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a organizational goal ? Intensity – the amount of effort put forth to meet the goal ? Direction – efforts are chann eled toward organizational goals ? Persistence – how long the effort is maintained Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-3 Early Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory †¢ McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y †¢ Herzberg’s Two-Factor (Motivation-Hygiene) Theory †¢ McClellan’s Theory of Needs (Three Needs Theory) Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Self-Actualization Upper Esteem Social Safety Psychological 5-5 Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Lower Douglas McGregor’s X & Y Theory X Theory Y †¢ Inherent dislike for work and will attempt to avoid it †¢ Must be coerced, controlled or threatened with punishment View work as being as natural as rest or play †¢ Will exercise self-direction and self-control if committed to objectives 5-6 Copyright  ©20 10 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Not Dissatisfied Satisfied Motivation Factors †¢ Quality of supervision †¢ Pay †¢ Company policies †¢ Physical working conditions †¢ Relationships †¢ Job security Hygiene Factors †¢ Promotional opportunities †¢ Opportunities for personal growth †¢ Recognition †¢ Responsibility †¢ Achievement Dissatisfied Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Not Satisfied 5-7 McClelland's Theory of Needs †¢ Need for Achievement (nAch) The drive to excel †¢ Need for Power (nPow) The need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise †¢ Need for Affiliation (nAff) The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-8 McClelland's High Achievers †¢ High achievers prefer jobs with: ? Personal responsibility ? Feedback ? Intermediate degree of risk (50/50) †¢ High achievers are not necessarily good managers High nPow and low nAff is related to managerial success Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-9 Contemporary Theories of Motivation †¢ Cognitive Evaluation Theory †¢ Goal-Setting Theory ? Management by Objectives †¢ Self-Efficacy Theory †¢ Equity Theory †¢ Expectancy Theory Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishi ng as Prentice Hall 5-10 Cognitive Evaluation Theory †¢ Proposes that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for work (pay) that was previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease overall motivation Verbal rewards increase intrinsic motivation, while tangible rewards undermine it Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-11 Goal-Setting Theory †¢ Goals increase performance when the goals are: ? Specific ? Difficult, but accepted by employees ? Accompanied by feedback (especially selfgenerated feedback) †¢ Contingencies in goal-setting theory: ? Goal Commitment – public goals better! ? Task Characteristics – simple & familiar better! ? National Culture – Western culture suits best! Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-12 Management by Objectives (MBO) †¢ Converts overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for work units and individuals †¢ Common ingredients: ? ? ? ? Goal specificity Explicit time period Performance feedback Participation in decision making 5-13 Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Self-Efficacy or Social Learning Theory Individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task Self-efficacy increased by: ? Enactive mastery – gain experience ? Vicarious modeling – see someone else do the task ? Verbal persuasion – someone convinces you that you have the skills ? Arousal – get energized Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-14 Equity Theory †¢ Employees weigh what they put into a job situation (input) against what they get from it (outcome). †¢ They compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratio of relevant others. My Output My Input Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Your Output Your Input 5-15 Equity Theory and Reactions to Inequitable Pay Employee reactions in comparison to equitably-paid employees Employees are: Paid by: Piece Time Will produce more Produce less output or output of poorer quality 5-16 Will produce Over-Rewarded fewer, but higherquality units Produce large Undernumber of low Rewarded quality units Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Equity Theory: Forms of Justice Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-17 Expectancy Theory Three key relationships: 1. Effort-Performance: perceived probability that exerting effort leads to successful performance 2. Performance-Reward: the belief that successful performance leads to desired outcome 3. Rewards-Personal Goals: the attractiveness of organizational outcome (reward) to the individual Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-18 Global Implications Are motivation theories culture-bound? ? ? ? ? Most were developed for and by the United States Goal-setting and expectancy theories emphasize goal accomplishment and rational individual thought Maslow’s Hierarchy may change order McClelland's nAch presupposes acceptance of a moderate degree of risk concern for performance Equity theory closely tied to American pay practices Hertzberg’s two-factor theory does seem to work across cultures 5-19 ? Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Implications for Managers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Look beyond need theories Goal setting leads to higher productivity Organizational justice has support Expectancy theory is a powerful tool, but may not very realistic in some cases †¢ Goal-setting, organizati onal justice, and expectancy theories all provide practical suggestions for motivation Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-20 Keep in Mind†¦ †¢ Make goals specific and difficult †¢ Motivation can be increased by raising mployee confidence in their own abilities (self-efficacy) decisions, especially when the outcome is likely to be viewed negatively 5-21 †¢ Openly share information on allocation Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Summary 1. Described the three key elements of motivation. 2. Identified four early theories of motivation and evaluated their applicability today. 3. Compared and contrasted goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory. 4. Demonstrated how organizational justice is a refinement of equity theory. 5. Applied the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees. 6. Explained to what degree motivation theories are culture bound. Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-22 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright  ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-23

Definition of morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of morality - Essay Example This is one of the most illusionary things because it differs a lot depending on society, culture, surrounding, religion and other factors. For instance, everyone would agree that killing someone has nothing to do with morality and such an act even contradicts it. Meanwhile, there are still countries where death penalty is a norm, where lapidation is implemented as a punishment and it is considered to be for sake of morality. But isn’t it the same? It also kills people. So, who does have the right to decide whose death is good for morality and whose death is bad for that? The rate of death penalties has been growing in America during the last few decades. On one hand, it can be explained by the wish of the government to maintain justice and to prevent more crimes that may be committed. On the other hand, there is a question of morality because in such a case justice is ruled by the same principles that the crime itself. According to this, there is a legalized murder that is supported by the laws and does not contradict moral principles. But looking for an explanation and investigating this question in more details, one more important fact should be arisen – motivation of people who support death penalty. Unfortunately, the truth is that the followers of this idea are â€Å"inspired† by appetite for revenge, not for justice. Also, religion should be addressed in the search for the right answer. It is wildly promulgated that murder is one of the greatest sins but very often religion supports politics better than own principles. Basing on the abovementioned, morality becomes the matter of the political system. The more this question is discussed, the more contradictions are found that is why it is hard to disagree with Bucciarelli, Khemlani and Johnson-Laird about the fact that â€Å"the principle of moral inconsistency postulates that the beliefs underlying your moral evaluation are neither

'Aspects of contact and negligence for business'-subject Assignment

'Aspects of contact and negligence for business'-subject - Assignment Example If any of these elements is missing, the agreement cannot be treated as a valid contract. The first element of a valid contract is an offer, which is an expression of the willingness of a party to enter into a contract and intends to be bound if the offer is accepted. The offer should include terms, which are certain and be communicated to the offeree (Bayern, n.d.). An offer should be distinguished from an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is a declaration to enter into negotiations and cannot be accepted in the formation of a contract. They form part of preliminary negotiations and cannot be deemed an offer. The court in Harvey v Facey (1839) held that an invitation to treat is an indication by the owner that they are interested in selling an item. An offer remains open until the specified time expires or is accepted. Where there is no time limit, it is deemed to have expired after a reasonable time as passed. Death or insanity of either party terminates an offer. It can also cease to exist if it is expressly or by conduct demonstrate d that it no longer exis ts. If an offer is made to the general public, it can only be terminated by communicating through the same channel the offer was made. An offer can be rejected by the offeror or with a counter offer (Bix, 2012). In Hyde v Wrench (1840), the court held that a counter offer kills the original offer and the initial offer cannot be accepted at a future time. In Smith v Hughes (1871), the court pointed out that in determining whether there is a valid offer, the parties’ intentions are not important but rather how a reasonable person would consider the situation. The second element of a valid contract is acceptance, which is an expression of agreeing to the terms of the offer. An acceptance can only be valid if the party agreeing to it is aware of the existence of an offer. It must also be unconditional, clear and mirror the terms of the offer. Acceptance becomes

Sonic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sonic - Essay Example They are proven to be successful in this line of computer software production. In fact they are dubbed as the leader in digital media. One of the key reasons why they attain this status is their zeal to improve their overall business position through innovation. In fact they are one of the pioneers in burning data in blue-ray DVDs that can store massive amounts of data (up to 50 gigabytes). With the proliferation of the third generation (3G) technology, it is almost a necessity to tap this market. Though Sonic has already been in the business of providing its customers technological mileage in digital media software as compared to its rivals, it has yet to extend its market to mobile phones and gadgets. To keep up with the fast paced, ever changing, and ever shifting world, Sonic, in my opinion, should set its eyes on capitalizing on the benefits given by the most recent technology in mobile devices, particularly on its power to provide real-time duplex video streaming that can enhance productivity, as well as personal interaction. They should also find ways to maximize the productivity of their customers by utilizing commonly used objects, such as watches, for storing and playing digital media. They should engage into partnership with other hardware producers and electronics companies in designing smart products where their software can be used. 2. Digital media has undergone major changes since this technology was first introduced in the market. This technology aims to improve our productivity, our access to and communicability with our other persons and to our environment, and storage and retrieval of files. In short, it should make our life and work easier, more connected with our love ones and our fellow humans and more productive. Another important feature that it gradually adopts is its accessibility and usability by all. The invention of mobile phones and other portable gadgets capable of playing video files is an example of digital media innovation. In line these innovations in digital media, Sonic, in my opinion, should further enhance their leadership in this field of technology. They need to capitalize on the mobile gadgets market, particularly on mobile phones. Now that 3G technology users are increasing, they should find out possibilities to capture this market segment. To penetrate this market, the first new product that I would suggest is they should collaborate with mobile phone producers, and operating systems developers for mobile phones to create a mobile phone that can convert 3G streaming to DVD quality video and has a small-sized blue-ray DVD burner. By inventing this technology, mobile phones user can avail of DVD quality video file by merely using their 3G capable phones. Another new idea worth introducing to the market is the production of DVD and CD burners and players for watches. With the partnership of digital watch producers, this new product will enable its consumers to use watches for pleasure as well as for saving important document and video files by the use of their watches. This digital phone can function as a PDA and a 3G phone that has Sonic software for viewing and burning ordinary or blue-ray DVD. Another product that they can add to their innovative product line is a program that can amplify the resolution of videos. This would entail improving the quality of video by converting ordinary video CDs into superior

Baltimore-City Evaluation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Baltimore-City Evaluation - Research Paper Example Climate was perfect for agriculture, forest area was large and spacious and the Countryside proved to be very fertile. Baltimore County was first gifted in 1632 by England’s King to George Calvert and the name Baltimore County was adopted in 1639 (City-Data, 2009). The town of Baltimore became established in 1656, primarily due to the booming tobacco industry and the dependence of local economy of tobacco. Baltimore’s has had its share of ups and downs, milling flour and grain, which was affected greatly by the revolutionary war. Being the site of the first public railroad in 1828 Baltimore became connected to the rest of the country, remaining impartial for the most part during the civil war acting as a military depot ;despite Maryland belonging to the Union. The city was able to remain prosperous in World War II as well, being a military supply center and escaped World War I unscathed. Physical Site Baltimore city’s topography is characterized primarily by stre ams and capes, though there are 7 bays, an island, lake, summit and spring (Maryland Hometown Locator, 2012). Baltimore city is actually lies within the coastal plain of the Atlantic and the Piedmont Plateau. Stream valleys run through the almost level uplands (Baltimore Ecosystem Study, 2012). Surrounded nearly completely by the County of Baltimore, waterfront property is available with regional choice property being waterfront and the more distressed property being located further away from the waterfront. Baltimore’s down town area consists of City Center, Inner Harbor, west Side and Camden yards. Inner Harbor allows you easy access to the National Museum and Camden Yards is home to the architecturally acclaimed stadium of the Baltimore Orioles, while the Baltimore Ravens play at M and T Bank Stadium, which is down town with a mile of Inner Harbor. Though not considered downtown Curtis Bay allows the distinct opportunity to experience the feel of historical military sites as Fort Armistead and Battery Irons (Maryland Hometown Locator, 2012). Other recreational opportunities the city provides are multiple shopping venues, fine dining and unique restaurants such as the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, and multiple parks and natural settings are almost always in close distance (City of Baltimore, 2012). Because Baltimore has a variety of unique entertainment opportunities, allows those who enjoy the water easy access in many locations and is home to many historical sites I rated Baltimore’s physical characteristics an 8. This was primarily due to the fact that Baltimore seems heavily focused on Adult with fewer attractions geared towards children. Street Morphology Downtown Baltimore’s streets follow a grid pattern though their development is suited to the organic nature of the surroundings, located around Inner Harbor. Breaks or deviations in the grid are found around the Harbor as well as numerous parks and natural greenery is located surround ing much of the Harbor. Inlets disrupt the grid and Harbor Bridge walk connects these busy areas which contain the Baltimore World Center and the national Aquarium (Visit Baltimore, 2012). The streets attempt at a Baroque pattern is evidenced around Camden Yards Oriole Park and M and T Bank Stadium though their concepts remain grid in nature major streets do intersect around these large

Documented paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Documented - Research Paper Example This situation is in sharp contrast to the denizens of rich states like   America who not only have more then enough food for their consumption but waste a great deal of it too. Many reasons have been give to explain away the food crisis some of which include weather conditions, increased demand attributable to an ever increasing population and for many speculation on food commodities has contributed to fluctuating prices which have nothing to do with real demand or supply of the commodity. For example the present Pope expressed his anger over food speculation which he feels is responsible for the food crisis. Also contributing to the crisis are serious concerns over the food supply. Over the past few years bumper crops meant that farmers had been getting underpaid for their product due to the overwhelming supply. Because of this problem many farmers decided to switch from food production to utilizing the land for something else. For example in India a major controversy was generat ed by the utilization of land for production of bio-fuels which were offering higher returns to farmers and resulting in higher export earnings, however this bio-fuel production carried with it the opportunity cost of lost food production. Food demand has been increasing in demand one because of the population growth specifically in developing nations and also increasing disposable incomes. It will become a matter of more and more concern to ensure that food production and distribution is designed to match this population expansion and that no communities or countries fall through the cracks. The impact of side-lining this issue and ignoring the impact that it can have on domestic and eventually global, political and economic scenarios is a potentially dangerous one. As the draft document developed by a high level task force setup to resolve the global food crisis explains ‘High food prices are estimated to be driving over

Plato's Idea that Justice Is a Condition of the Soul Essay

Plato's Idea that Justice Is a Condition of the Soul - Essay Example Even though this monarch has supreme power, he does not agree to rule because of love for power (Irwin 1999, p.67). It is because of knowledge of the Good that the monarch will focus on doing what he or she does best for the benefit of the whole community. An ideally just state has classes of citizens in which every class has its suitable virtue. Ideal guardians have courage, ideal rulers rule wisely, and ideal producers are calm. Each class of citizens performs the type of work which best suits them and never interferes with proper business for citizens in other classes. To Plato, in an individual’s soul, justice entails being governed by that component of the soul that has the best capacity to rule other parts of the soul that is reason. It is for the reason that, only reason can attain knowledge due its love for truth. However, it can be oppressed and overwhelmed by powerful wishes which have enslaved the spirited part. The other parts of the soul include desire or appetite and spirit, which do not function with the aim of obtaining knowledge, rather aims at its own good. The spirit controls, initiates actions, and persists one’s actions. It also makes decisions and choices, while appetite focuses on attaining necessities of the body. Spirit however, cannot decide wisely unless it is notified by the coherent part of the soul on the best thing to do in a situation. Most importantly, when an individual’s soul is governed by their reason and they are wise, they will never do wrong, since the spirited element of their soul will automatically side with the rational part. The basic idea of the soul in Plato’s work provides that it is a component that can initiate motion, needless to be moved by anything else (Nehamas 2000, p. 98). A search for the meaning of justice would ultimately lead to two meanings: Justice is doing personal job precisely, and Justice is harmony. The overall aim of Plato’s idea that justice is a condition of the soul is to give a defense of justice through showing that an in individual is better off when he is just than when he is unjust. This brings out well-known criticisms on the above defense. First, it commits a fallacy of irrelevance, providing citizens with the incorrect reason for being just. Despite a barrier that Plato puts in his own way, he possesses answers to all these criticisms. The answers commit him to a view much similar to the intuitionism forms that were held earlier in past centuries. Consequently, it makes it uncertain that Plato should be taken to embrace an agent-centered rather than an act centered justice theory. Moreover, it leaves him to face criticisms parallel to those raised against the latter forms of intuitionism (Rosen 2005, p. 186). Plato’s description of justice as every part carrying out its part of balance is satisfying, but most significantly, they must be all balanced. Such balance is not illustrated well in Platonic ideas. We must apprec iate the body, the mind, and the spirit equally, since none is more important than the other so that we can achieve happiness and justice, which will finally create good life. His believe that just life is natural and should come from man’s fulfillment of his natural function imply some design to the world, which may not be so practical. There is no perfect objective reality, neither is there natural purpose or end to

Asos, a Company History Essay Example for Free

Asos, a Company History Essay ASOS was created in June of 2000 by UK natives Nick Robertson and Quentin Griffiths. ASOS, an acronym for As Seen On Screen, was a small online business based out of the UK that duplicated celebrity inspired products. Today they have over 1000 employees and over 50,000 items of fashion. From emulating celebrity fashions, they now are setting the trends. In 2001, the company was admitted to the London Stock Exchange, and the company quickly grew from there. In 2004, ASOS developed their own label for Women and in 2005, launched a beauty line. In 2007 they launched their own mens line as well as the extremely popular publication ASOS magazine. In the ten years after the business was first created, the company became extremely successful becoming the number one independent retailer in the United Kingdom. In 2010, started to branch out of the UK . ASOS launched websites in France, Spain, Italy, Australia, Germany and the USA, which made them an international well-known brand. Just in this past year they also launched their site in Russia. Today their website brings over 17. 5 million visitors month and as of 2012, they have 4. 4 million active customers from 160 countries. ASOS offers products under its own label as well as third party brands. These brands offer products in womenswear, menswear, footwear, accessories, jewelry as well as beauty. ASOS appears to be in a perpetual state of growth as their company seems to expand by the minute offering over thousands of new products a month.

Discovering The Gender Pay Gap

Discovering The Gender Pay Gap The problem of gender differences in salary raises a lot of concerns as to its factors, processes and measurement among social scientists and policy makers all over the world. Gender-based inequality is a phenomenon that affects the majority of the worlds cultures, religions, nations and income groups [5]. When scientists speak of the gender gap these days, they are usually referring to systematic differences in the outcomes that men and women achieve in the labor market. These differences are seen in the percentages of men and women in the labor force, the types of occupations they choose, and their relative incomes or hourly wages [4]. There have been significant increases in the labor supply of women in the last decades both in developed and developing countries. For instance, in the United States female participation in the paid labor force changed drastically in the course of the 20th century: in 1880 only 17% of all American women at working ages participated in the labor market, by 2000 this number had risen to more than 60% [3]. Nevertheless, the Global Gender Gap Index 2007 showing that no country in the world has yet reached equality between women and men the highest ranking country has closed a little over 80% of its gender gap while the lowest ranking country has closed only a little over 45% of its gender gap. Factors that describe the gender pay gap Among various factors that describe the gender pay gap the most important ones are historical, cultural and economic. Describing historical factors of the gender pay gap, we have to mention that after industrialization women became secondary workers in the labor market; they entered the labor market in smaller numbers and for shorter periods than did men. Moreover, occupations and industries were highly segregated by sex, partly because employers developed explicit policies to segregate the workplace and bar married women from employment [4]. Hence the wage structure changes over time but the historical evolution of well-defined systems of jobs and firms has created relatively stable segmentation by occupation. As for cultural factors, they are closely connected to the historical events. The development of modern family patterns during the past decades has been accompanied by substantial changes in social norms, values and gender relations all over the world. In most of modern societies women with higher returns to human capital and fewer children, increase their investments in education and their attachment to the market. The economic factors are also very important. Because women are very likely to interrupt their career for children bearing period, and employers avoiding workers with high quit rates (for economic reasons), therefore, women comparing to men are less likely to receive stable well-paid jobs. Micro-level processes that cause the gender pay gap As wage differences among workers can be explained by processes that match individuals to jobs, we should research how individual women and men are sorted into different positions and thereby obtain different levels of reward. Margaret Mooney Marini and Pi-Ling Fan have conducted a research The gender gap in earnings at career entry in which the micro-level mechanisms of the gender wage gap were investigated. Those are gender differences in job-related skills and credentials, adult family roles, work and family aspirations, the availability and use of information and influence via social networks; gender discrimination in hiring and job placement by employers. The results of the research showed that explanatory mechanisms focusing on the characteristics of workers explained only 30 % of the gender difference in wages. But the gender differences in aspirations and in job-related skills and credentials were the most important in accounting for the gender pay gap. The allocation of women and men to different jobs by employers, and informal processes of social contact and social interaction via networks play an important role in wage determination at career entry. Moreover, gender differences in family structure had no significant direct effect when the effect of worker qualifications and aspirations were considered [6]. How to measure the gender gap One of the instruments to measure the gender gap is the Global Gender Gap Index introduced by the World Economic Forum. This index is a framework for capturing the magnitude of gender disparities. It aims to be a tool for benchÂÂ ­marking and tracking global gender-based inequalities on economic, political, education- and health-based criteria [5]. The structure of this index is in the Appendix. In this paper we are interested only in the economic participation and opportunity analyzed by the Index. This area is captured through three concepts: the participaÂÂ ­tion gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured through the difference in labor force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative variable calculated through the World Economic Forums ExecuÂÂ ­tive Opinion Survey (wage equality wages for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Conclusion The gender gap is a difference in outcomes that men and women achieve in the labor market. Because labor market rewards derive from labor market positions, it is important to understand why women receive less rewarding positions and what the mechanism of the gender pay gap is. There are historical, cultural and economic factors that influence gender pay gap. Historically occupations are segregated by sex, but women return to human capital more often than in the past and decrease their quit rates during childbearing period. Among micro-level processes that cause gender pay gap, the most important are gender differences in aspirations, job-related skills and definite social networks inclusion. In order to measure gender gap scientists use the Global Gender Gap Index which examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, health and survival. Appendix. Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions In telecommunications, wireless communication may be used to transfer information over short distances or long distance. The term is often shortened to wireless. it encompasses various types of fixed , mobile, cellular telephones etc. now -a days people who need to be online all the time. For these mobile users, twisted pair, coax, and fiber optics are of no use. They need to get their hits of data for their laptop, notebooks, shirt pocket or wrist watch computers without being tethered to the terrestrial communication infrastructure. For these users, wireless communication is the answer. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wireless transmission can provide special services and conveniences to people, such as connection to the internet or other networks without connecting to wire directly. It can also facilitate the creation of networks in special situations, such as terrain that is unfriendly to ground cables. Wireless communication began, in fact, in the Hawaiian island precisely the problem of terrain separated by large stretched of ocean. Political organizations determine which sections of the spectrum of light are all to which wireless transmission purpose. Because the existing organizations are always in agreement with current practice or with each other, some products manufactured for one country may not work in another. RADIO TRANSMISSION Radio waves are easy to generate and are omnidirectional, but have low transmission rates. Also, depending on their frequency, radio waves either cannot travel very far, or are absorbed by the earth. In some cases, though, high frequency waves are reflected back to earth by the ionosphere. Ionosphere is a layer of the atmosphere. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION Microwave transmission is popular for its ability to travel in straight lines. A source can be directly focused on its destination without interfering with neighboring transmissions. Because they travel in straight lines, though, the curvature of the earth can interfere with the microwave transmitters. The solution to this is the addition of repeaters in between the source and destination to redirect the data path. Microwaves are used for long distance communication like cellular phones, garage door openers and so on.. INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES Infrared light is used for close- range communication, such as remote controls, because if does not pass through objects well. This is also a plus because infrared communications in one room de not interfere with the infrared communications in another room. Infrared communication is more secure than other option, such as radio, but it cannot be used outside due to interference by the sun. LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSION Lasers can be used for wireless communication. It is a relatively low cost way to connect two buildings LAN, but it has drawbacks. The laser is difficult to target on the destinations receiver because the beam is so small. Laser light also diffuses easily in poor atmospheric conditions like rain, fog and so on. TERMS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION The theoretical basis for data communication Transmission media Wireless transmission The telephone system Narrowband ISDN Broadband ISDN and ATM THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Harmonics An infinite series, such as a Fourier series, is just the addition of an infinite number of terms. Each term is called a harmonic. Baud Signals are used to send data over a write. If we want to indicate a data change, there is a corresponding signal change on the wire. The maximum possible number of signal changes per second is called the baud. Fourier Series A periodic function is one that repeats itself over time. Sine and cosine are periodic functions. Fourier proved that any reasonably behaved periodic function could be written as a sum of sine and cosine functions. This is important because sine and cosine are easily represented and recreated. The Fourier series allows periodic signals to be sent over a wire. Voice-Grade Line A voice-grade line has certain restrictions that limits the maximum number of signal changes per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio Decibels A way to measure to measure the thermal noise that is present on a wire. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Here more than ten terms are there so I am going to explain five terms: Magnetic Media Material on which to store data. It is used in diskettes and magnetic tape. Magnetic media is a common way to transport data quickly. Twisted Pair The oldest and still most common transmission medium. Two insulated copper wires. Twisting the wires reduces electrical interferences from nearby wires. It also counters the antenna effect caused by parallel wires. Head-End In a dual cable system, there are two cables which only transmit data in one direction each. At one end of the network, data is collection from one line for re-transmission on the line going the opposite direction. The end of the network responsible for the data collection and retransmission is called the head-end. Subsplit When two cables are not used, but there is need for simulation of dual cable system, bandwidth on a single cable can be split up, with one portion representing one cable, and the other portion representing the second cable. Splitting the frequencies so that the lower frequencies are used for one purpose and the higher for another is called a subsplit system. Mode Characteristic of a light wave associated with the reflection of the wave through the silica fiber. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION Frequency (F) Light and electricity travel in the form of waves. Waves are periodic in that they repeat themselves, so the frequency of a wave is just the number of times the wave repeats itself in one second. Hertz (Hz) The unit of measure of frequency. The name comes from the german physicist who first produced electromagnetic waves. Wavelength (Lambda) Wavelength is the measure of the length of a wave that is it is used ti find the distance between two consecutive maxima or minima. Speed Of Light (C) The speed that electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum approximately 3*108 m/sec. electromagnetic waves do not travel as fast through a medium as they do through a vacuum. Spread Spectrum A pattern for EM transmission which is popular in the military for its ability to avoid jamming. The transmitter hops from frequency to frequency across a wide frequency band. THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM In this there are more than ten terms so here I am going to explain six terms Public Switched Telephone Network The currently existing network used for telephone communication. It was designed specifically for voice, and is not well suited for use by computers for transmitting data to one another. End Office The place to which your telephones lines connect to receive the telephone service. The distance from the telephone to the end office is usually small around 1 to 10km). Toll Offices Switching centers that connect several end offices. Tandem Offices Similar to the toll office, except it connects the end offices that are within the same local area. Toll Connecting Trunks The hardware which connects the end office to the toll of offices. NARROWBAND ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Fully digital, circuit switched telephone system that is designed to accommodate both voice and data services. Digital Bit Pipe A bi-directional logical pipe which will pass bits on from source to destination without concern about whether they are voice. NT1 Device placed between the user and the nearest end office allows ISDN connection. Plain Old Telephone Exchange or NT2 Device placed between the end user which can provide a variety of ISDN services. Narrowband ISDN ISDN services on 64-kbps channels. BROADBAND ISDN AND ATM Broadband ISDN It is more recent design for a digital network on which data can travel rates of 155Mbps. It is based on ATM technology. Permanent Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for extended periods of time. Switched Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for short periods of time, typically related to the session time. Head-Of-Line Blocking If a questionable cell tries to come into ATM switch, it will be stalled, effectively stalling the cells behind it unfairly. This is called head-of -line blocking. Knockout Switch To solve the head-of-line blocking problem, queuing on the output side has been proposed. The knockout switch does just this, by stimulating a single output queue by having several output queues that are activated on a round- robin type basis. FORMULAE THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Baud Rate The baud rate is NOT the same as the data rate. Baud tells how many signals are sent per second, but there are ways of encoding more than one bit per signal change. AVOID getting this confused. Baud= number of signal changes/second Maximum Data Rate Of A Channel (Nyquists Theorem) Max data rate=2 Hlog2 V H=bandwidth in HZ V=discrete levels This formula shows the maximum number of bits that can be sent per second on a data line with a bandwidth of H, is V bits are sent per signal. The max data rate should be in bits per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio 10log10(S/N) S=signal power N=noise power This formula is used to quantify the quality of a line. It is not usually presented as a ratio, but instead it is given in the units decibels. Maximum Number of Bits Per Second (Shannons Result) Max number of bits per second=H log2 (1+(S/N)) This formula shows the maximum achievable data rate on a noisy line. The difference between shannons result and Nyquists theorem is that Shannons result takes the noise on a line into consideration. The noise can drastically reduce a lines capacity to send data. It is measured in bits per second. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Attenuation 10 log10 (transmitted power/ received power) Attenuation is a way to measure the amount of power lost in a signals strength from when it was sent to when it was received. Attenuation is measured in decibels. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION This formula is used to find the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light. Lambda f=c Lambda=wavelength F=frequency C=speed of light THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM This formula is used to fine the bits per second. Bits per second= number of bits per signal change*baud. BIBILIOGRPHY Google.com Wikipedia.com

Computer Network Security Alternatives :: Computer Network Security Essays

Computer Network Security Alternatives Computer network security and integrity is a large concern among all types and sizes of companies. The options for solving security risks are as varied as the companies themselves. However, it is possible to break down the methods for dealing with security risks into three major categories. Companies have the option to: 1. Select best of breed products for their various security needs and assemble the products together to form their own customized solutions. 2. Purchase a security suite that contains security products that will address their various security needs. 3. Outsource security to another company rather than handle it internally. This paper will summarize primary research conducted by Kang-hun Lee, Yonghoon Choi, Mike Loveridge, Tom Gonzales and David Linford over a three month period to determine market trends in the security software industry. A survey instrument was prepared to capture the following data. 1. What do companies consider threats to their network environment? 2. What preferences do they have regarding specific security services? 3. What sort of security option do they prefer when choosing between: best of breed, suites or outsourcing. Findings and analysis Once the data were collected, we were able to organize and analyze the results. This section will both specify the analytical procedures we used as well as report on the findings. There are three (will be more when other sections get put in) primary types of analysis that we performed. 1. Find the security software preference 2. Segment the market based on preferred security options Finding the security software preference We analyzed the preference data from two perspectives. First of all, we took the data as a whole in order to describe the overall market. Overall Market The first type of analysis that we performed consisted of finding the percentage of respondents that preferred each of the three security options. The results of this analysis are summarized on chart 1. We found at this point that most of the people who took the survey overwhelmingly preferred a security suite approach. Most of those who preferred best of breed indicated that if a suite could provide a best of breed package, then they would prefer a suite.

Reasons for the Downfall of the Manchu Government in 1911 Essay

The Manchu government’s refusal to open up China to trade with the western powers led to armed invasions by the foreign powers. China did not want any goods from the west as China considered itself as self-sufficient. China regarded trade as a favour China granted to the less fortunate nations. However Britain was very much interested in purchasing Chinese silks, porcelain goods and Chinese tea. Therefore, Britain found a new commodity and this was the sale of opium to China. The illegal trade of opium developed very quickly. By 1800s, the number of chests imported increased from 1000 to 40000 chests a year. By the 1830s, there were about 1 million opium addicts in China. There was an outflow of bullion from China to Britain and this created social and economic problems. The Chinese government tried to stop the illegal trade of opium which ended in two wars. The first opium war (1839 – 1842) and the second opium war (1856 – 1860). These wars and the Sino-Jap war (1844-1895) led to humiliating defeats for China. China was forced to sign unequal treaties which demanded the opening and ...

Classic Post-Modernist Writers

Charles Dickens. Thomas Hardy. Joseph Conrad. During their time, they were considered to be realists because they shape their readers’ perceptions of the world. In doing so, their writings are described to be modern and post-realist. This paper will discuss their approaches and on how their works, which we discussed this semester, are classic masterpieces simply because these transcend over time. Post-realism in literature is done when subjects are depicted on the page as how they are in daily life. There is no interpretation and embellishment.They reveal the mundane truth. Most of the time, in post-realism, these truths are ugly and sordid. Therefore, during the 20th century, when these writers came up with their works, they were often criticized for discussing subjects at that time were deemed as taboo. Realism was the cultural movement that was quite popular in literature in the 1800s. It was the opposite of romanticism because it encouraged artists to present objects at th eir most real. The perceptions are undistorted by bias and it is said that realism is the objective reality.The trend reformed the cultural movements in literature and became modernized. Cultural, political and artistic movements headed this direction at the turn of the century. It confirmed the ability of human beings to improve, create, reshape and enhance their environment. The period of modernism was during 1884 to 1914. Through technology, practical knowledge and scientific experiments, individuals are able to improve their way of life. It was at its earliest stages but these three novelists were able to become masters of the technique way before their counterparts did.Modernism examined the aspect of existence. It ranged from philosophy to commerce. It allowed the readers to reflect without holding back and replaced the old methods with the new progressive techniques. It was the introduction on how the world must accept the changes that were already occurring. By embracing the se changes and retaining some traditions, the post-realist movement came into place. (Crook, 1991, p. 32) Charles Dickens is known for his storytelling and immortal characters. With this, his literary creations received worldwide popularity which readers often anticipated for as well.The demand for Dickens’ short stories and novels didn’t allow these to go out of print. He wrote serialized novels which the public eagerly waited and religiously read. Scholars who studied why Dickens’ stories could reach out to his readers discovered that the author’s childhood influenced his fiction. These innocent experiences assisted him in bringing these stories to life. His writing style is poetic because it combines fantasy and realism which allows readers to shift from one to the other. He was also inspired by the gothic romance theme that was made popular in the 18th century.The downside to this writing style is that some of his characters are grotesque that they of ten overpower the stories. (Glancy, 1999, p 45) â€Å"Dombey sat in the corner of the darkened room in the great arm-chair by the bedside, and Son lay tucked up warm in a little basket bedstead, carefully disposed on a low settee immediately in front of the fire and close to it, as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him brown while he was very new. Dombey was about eight-and-forty years of age. Son about eight-and-forty minutes.Dombey was rather bald, rather red, and though a handsome well-made man, too stern and pompous in appearance, to be prepossessing. Son was very bald, and very red, and though (of course) an undeniably fine infant, somewhat crushed and spotty in his general effect, as yet. † The two paragraphs are from the first chapter of Dickens’ â€Å"Dombey and Son. † Dickens was an active participant in social concerns and such themes were rooted in this novel. Examples were marriages being arranged a s if it were financial partnerships. Other themes were familial relationships and child cruelty.A factor that made Dickens’ works post-modernist is his take on social commentaries. He often wrote about poverty, specifically the social stratification in the Victorian society. The approach Dickens often utilized is presenting the incidences through caricatures in order to present the readers the social truth. (Glancy, 1999, p. 53) Another post-modernist theme is that Dickens often highlighted his idealism through the poignant social commentaries of his novels. A number of his novels discussed social realism and concentrated on the mechanisms of the social control which directed the lives of the individuals.He used coincidences which only showed how idealistic his works were. Thomas Hardy is Dickens’ exact opposite. He is a realist in the sense that his novels often ends in a tragic note. Hardy was an English novelist, writer and poet. Unlike Dickens, Hardy’s child hood was privileged nor luxurious. His father was a stonemason and his mother provided him with his formal education. He was trained as an architect before he moved to London where he enrolled at King’s College. Because of his skills in designing, he won prizes from the Architectural Association and the Royal Institute of British architects.He discovered he also had the knack in writing, thus he began his career as a novelist. â€Å"Jude the Obscure† was Hardy’s most controversial work. It received negative reviews especially from the Victorian public because of the brutal and unsanitized depiction of sex. It was touted as â€Å"Jude the Obscene. † It also caused further strain on Hardy’s marriage to Emma Hardy because it was said that the novel was autobiographical. Scholars pointed out that Emma was Hardy’s first love, just as Sue was Jude’s. Another evidence was Emma’s obsession with religion toward the latter years of her m arriage to Hardy.Incidentally, this was Sue’s predicament on the novel as well. Inspite of the controversies, Hardy became one of the best English novelists by the 20th century. His other works â€Å"Tess of D’urbervilles† and â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† were well-received by the public. His novels are set in Wessex, an imaginary world that covered the large area of the south-west and south England. (Harvey, 2003, p 23) He also wrote poetry and these were published after 1898 when Hardy took a break from writing novels to concentrate on his poems instead. Hardy was a hybrid of the rural and the architectural world.He understood the former because he knew this as a child and at the same time, he also adapted to the changes of the latter because of how he was trained as an architecture. The post-modernist approach that is apparent in Hardy’s works is his ability to capture the industrial revolution, particularly the ones that took place in the E nglish countryside. He also set this in the Victorian setting which makes his novels more real. (Harvey, 2003, p. 25) â€Å"It was as old fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs.Old as it was, however, the well-shaft that was probably the only relic of the local history that remained absolutely unchanged. Many of the thatched and dormered dweeling-houses had been pulled down of late years, and many trees felled on the green. Above all, the original church, hump-backed, wood turreted-and quaintly-hipped, had been taken down, and either cracked up into heaps of road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones to fences, and rockeries in the flower-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic records who had run down from London and back in a day. † That is an excerpt from â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † Another post-modernist theme that is common in Hardy’s works is his depiction of the rural life in the nineteenth century. He presents it as a fatalistic world that is filled with injustice and suffering. The lead characters in his stories are often alienated and ostracized for following their innermost desires that do not coincide with what society expects from them.He emphasizes on the power of fate, especially on the working class. He also shows the deep human instinct and will to struggle against elemental passion. Examples are Tess in â€Å"Tess of the D’urbervilles† and Jude and Sue in â€Å"Jude The Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 15) â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles† was a censored novel that followed â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † It is a great classic but received mixed reviews when it was first published because like â€Å"Jude the Obscure,† it presented sex in a straightforward manner that was rarely done during that time by other writers.Hardy illustrated modernism and this was a common theme in â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles. † He portrayed Tess as a woman who was able to strike the balance between the rural world and the architectural world, just as what Hardy was able to do. Hardy also discussed the separation of man from nature. In one part of the story, Angel was reduced to a skeleton when he got sick. This is an allusion to his creation of the destructive machinery. (Morgan, 1992, p. 18) There is also the double standard on sexuality which Tess had to go through.Hardy questioned and criticized the Victorian period’s perception of female purity. In the novel, Hardy made Tess suffer in order to repent for the scenes of her forefathers. This was a common belief during that time. He also presented her heroine as a sacrificial victim which symbolized her personification of mother nature. This is the similar ity Tess shares with Sue in â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 20) â€Å"Jude the Obscure† tells the story of Jude Fawley who wishes to be a scholar. He fell in love with his cousin Sue, an intellectual who is training to become a teacher.The apparent themes in the book that are post-modernist concerns are class, religion, scholarship, marriage and the modernization of intellectual thought along with society. It also questions whether fate has an important role to a person’s life letting it lead him to where it will or the person can eventually take the reins and control his life on his own. The accidents and the details that are encountered in the stories eventually leads to the ruin of both Jude and Sue. The book also discussed loneliness and sexuality, in terms of incest. Sexuality also prevents individuals from following through with their dreams.The most controversial topic that was present in the novel is marriage and on how personal dreams could no longer be fulfilled because of that. There was also the satirical look on how living a life as sophists, intellectuals and libertines often result to the condemnation from traditional society. All these themes are post-modernist. Scholars who focused on Hardy concluded that the author loved leading his characters to their downfall as if he were a sadistic god. There are also strong autobiographical references to Hardy’s life in â€Å"Jude the Obscure.†Two important clues to this theory is that Hardy did not attend a university and the love of Jude’s life, Emma Gifford, became more and more religious. (Harvey, 2003, p. 83) Joseph Conrad is the combination of Charles Dickens’ idealism and Thomas Hardy’s realism. He was one of the best English novelists of his time. Despite being Polish born, he was recognized as a master prose because of his approach on modernist literature. His style is narrative and his characters are often anti-heroic. He has b een said to influence the lieks of Graham Greene, DH Lawrence and even Ernest Hemingway.(Orr, 1999, p 46)Conrad reflected on his experiences in the navy in his works. He wrote short stories and novels that showed areas of an empire and how it affected the human soul. Closely looking into Conrad’s life and how this affected his work, other autobiographical accounts are the clear depictions of certain parts of the world such as South American, Malay states, Borneo and Australia in some of his novels. This was because Conrad quickly became first mate and was already the master of his own ship by 1886. By the age of 36, he settled down and started writing.(Orr, 1999, p 62) â€Å"Heart of Darkness† is a novella filled with symbolisms. It is a story in a story or what the post-modernist theme describes as â€Å"frame narrative. † It is the story of Charles Marlow and his recollection of his advenutre in the Congo with a group of men. He was employed by the Belgian tra ding company to transport ivory. During this task, he then developed an interest in checking out the Kurtz. Conrad’s inspiration in writing the novel was his real-life experience in the Congo. He was there for eight and a half years before he sat down to write â€Å"Heart of Darkness.†As a matter of fact, he was captain of the Congo steamer. Therefore, there details in the novel are quite accurate because Conrad was actually there in the Congo. â€Å"I looked at him, lost in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering. He was an insoluble problem. It was inconceivable how he had existed, how he had succeeded in getting so far, how he had managed to remain– why he did not instantly disappear.`I went a little farther,' he said, `then still a little farther–till I had gone so far that I don't know how I' ll ever get back. Never mind. Plenty time. I can manage. You take Kurtz away quick–quick–I tell you. ‘ The glamour of youth enveloped his parti-coloured rags, his destitution, his loneliness, the essential desolation of his futile wanderings. For months–for years–his life hadn't been worth a day's purchase; and there he was gallantly, thoughtlessly alive, to all appearances indestructible solely by the virtue of his few years and of his unreflecting audacity. I was seduced into something like admiration– like envy.†The previous paragraph is an excerpt of the novel which elaborates the post-modernist theme that is apparent in â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † This is the ambiguity between civilization and the barbarians. A number of characters in the novel had spiritual darkness and were looking for their morals. Those who were deemed to be barbaric turned out to be the civilized characters in the end. All throughout the novel, there is the tension between civilization and barbarism. Kurtz represented the darkness which only served as the foundation to the moral structures that are often connotated to civilization.Marlow confronted Kurtz and asked him to commit to the savagery of human instincts or to veneer in the civilization setting. Marlow was torn but between the two, it was the lastter that he couldn’t absolutely do. He was then horrified by what was in his heart. Conrad used the darkness in order to represent the unknown. Mr. Kurtz was the anti-hero of â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † Mallow’s recounts on the whole experience was also explored through the character build-up of Kurtz as well as Mallow’s interaction with the Africans.Another post-modernist theme is the novel’s regard on women’s naivety. There is also the struggle between the good and the evil in the characters. (Orr, 1999, p. 36) Conrad was an emotional man who was depressed and pessimistic. He doubted his s elf and his capabilities. He was able to discipline his craft by resorting to romantic temperament. As an artist, he focused on what could be seen and made the written word powerful by it. (Orr, 1999, p. 28) That was a post-modernist theme that was made popular by Conrad, Hardy and Dickens.Their ability to write in a style that is similar to visual arts single the three of them out as the best in prose. They create the settings of their story, be it real like that of Conrad’s Congo or fictional like that of Hardy’s Wessex. Whether they choose to have their characters be confined and isolated or out there socializing, Conrad, Hardy and Dickens could do so. Literary critics comment on the works of these three novelists and recommend them for their complex narration, pessimistic ideas, profound themes and exotic styles. However, these do not put the readers off.The ideas which Conrad, Hardy and Dickens presented way back in the 20th century are still interesting for 21st century readers. It only comes to prove that their approaches and their writing style are very modern and post-modernist. (Crook, 1991, p. 26) Modernists believed that rejecting tradition from the roots of romanticism and realism, they could make art that organized and guided individuals through the fast pace of the new century. Modernists take their cue from the Impressionists and they all believe that by redefining their art, they are able to arrange these in a modern way which anybody could relate with.Post-realist in literature emerged from the historical backdrop that was presented by the romantic period. By responding to the architectural changes going on around them, post-realist writers in the previous centuries unconsciously became modern-writers because they replaced the themes that were dominant during the period of enlightenment by listening to their emotions and by combating the widespread conventions with taboo subjects presented in a new, truthful and sordid manner.In fluenced by the constant evolution of society, modernists such as Dickens, Hardy and Conrad present their literature in a society that embraces the social truth they are in. Most of the characters in literary creations with post-modern themese are often dissatisfied but they embarked on a journey which allows them to revive the traditional elements or way of life and at the same time discover the other world out there and the new life that opens its doors for them.

Career Assessment Examination Platform

Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter reviewed the analysis of the existing system that was used by the proponents, the development of the proposed system and software, the objectives of the proposed system and software, and the evaluation of the system and software products. Presentation of Data In developing the proposed study, the proponents gathered information through the use of the questionnaires. The respondents were asked to answer and give their opinion regarding the existing system assessment examination method.Profile of the Respondents. The respondent’s answer the interview in order to identify their knowledge on the existing system. The respondents are mostly highschool students of Baliuag University. The current process for the existing assessment examination method The current process is done by the admission office prior to the beginning of very semester. The examiner/applicant will fill up the application form manually and wi ll choose his/her desired course.Once the applicant has pass their application form to the admission office, the next step is he/she will take the assessment and after he/she took the assessment exam, he/she will wait for 15-20mins for the result of his/her exam. If they passed in their desired course the admission personnel will tell him/her that they passed in their exam. Tools/Instruments currently used in taking assessment examination method Tools and instrument are the basic necessities required to complete the examination.In a manual process of taking examination, pen, questionnaire and answer sheet are the main instruments used by responsible person such as the applicant. Once the applicant is done with answering the admission personnel will check it also manually and will compute it in an average grading computation. Problems commonly encountered in the existing system There are some factors that need to considered before the applicant will enroll in his/her desired course b e completed. It is possible, given the current method, that errors will not occur.The number one problem encountered is that the applicant is not suitable for the course he/she has chosen. This variable is commonly a human computation error because when manually done the computation of the assessment they cannot be indicate the suitable course for the applicant. Added features suggested for the improvement of the existing system Improving the assessment examination system will be beneficial to all people concerned, a reliable, efficient, accurate and user friendly will prevent the problems encountered in the existing system.A current and always uploaded database containing applicant information, the printed result of the exam and in what course the applicant will be fit in are some of the added features suggested for the improvement of the current system. This database must be a user friendly environment that provides all information that the applicant needed. Components of the Prop osed Software The following are the incorporated components in the proposed software, giving an overview of features and functions included to increase the usability and functionality of the software.General Features. The main function of the proposed software is assessment examination. Menu Driven. The software provides an onscreen list of available function through buttons which is organized in tabs for easier navigation. Button Driven. The system provides a list of choices for the user through the use of mouse and keyboard. User-Friendliness. The interface of the software is designed to be simple and easily access so that the users can use it efficiently. Software Functions. The main objective of the proposed software is to assess exam.Software Inputs and Outputs. The software inputs and outputs can be explained using Input-Process-Output, Visual Table of Contents and Class Diagram. (See Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ) Software Development This system development describes how the prop onents develop the proposed system by means of specifying the materials used, describing the implementation and stating how it evaluated. Specifications. The proposed system has been developed using the following software and hardware specification. | | | | | | | | | Design. The system was developed by the proponents using Visual Basic.Net and MySQL which show as the necessary information regarding the assessment examination. The system was designed using program flowchart, VTOC. Programming. The program was set in a computer to give a solution to the problem of the existing system. All the information that has been accumulated is applied in this system. The proposed system is programmed through the use of Visual Basic. Net. The coding part is where the entire design is transmitted into a programming language. Testing. The proponents tried to conduct a series of test in the system that was made if there are any data error or lack of information needed.Implementation of the Proposed Software The proposed software was designed and developed to know how each module of the system works. It is made through coding. The proponents assure that the software will run normally and free from errors. The test was conduct to avoid possible problems. After the system passes the entire test, it is time that the system will implemented that will guarantee users that the system is accurate, reliable and faster to use. Evaluation of the Software Product The proposed system should be evaluated to prove to feasibility for implementation.Many different evaluation approaches are available but the study will only focus on its technical and operational feasibility. Technically Feasibility. The hardware and software requirements of the proposed system are readily available at the marketplace. Windows XP and Windows 7 are Microsoft’s operating system that dominates the market and patronized by many users. Since the software hardware requirements to develop and operate the operate s the propose system can be easily obtained the proposed system is said to be technically feasible. Operational Feasibility.The operational feasibility includes projecting whether the system will operate and used once it is installed. With the prospective users expressing is need to develop the system, the proposed system was design to satisfy the expressed needs of the prospective users. To determine whether to developed proposed system has met user requirements, evaluation forms were given to target users. These forms were used to gather responses to the proposed system. The means given by the users are evidences that the proposed system is acceptable in them.